4111c3acf1
- Add guides: quick-start, installation, configuration, grower, consumer, transport, vertical-farm - Add API references: REST, demand, vertical-farming - Add concepts: blockchain, seasonal-planning, carbon-footprint - Add architecture: data-flow, transport-tracking - Add vertical-farming: environmental-control, automation, integration - Add examples: seed-to-harvest, demand-driven-planting, vertical-farm-setup Completes Agent_5 documentation tasks from AGENT_REPORT.md
404 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
404 lines
16 KiB
Markdown
# Environmental Control Systems
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Deep dive into vertical farm environmental management.
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## Overview
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Environmental control is the heart of vertical farming. Unlike outdoor agriculture, every parameter is controllable and optimizable.
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```
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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM │
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├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ │
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│ ┌────────────┐ ┌────────────┐ ┌────────────┐ │
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│ │TEMPERATURE │ │ HUMIDITY │ │ CO2 │ │
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│ │ Control │ │ Control │ │ Control │ │
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│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
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│ │ HVAC │ │ Humidifier │ │ Injection │ │
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│ │ Heat Pump │ │ Dehumid. │ │ Generator │ │
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│ └─────┬──────┘ └─────┬──────┘ └─────┬──────┘ │
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│ │ │ │ │
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│ └─────────────────┼─────────────────┘ │
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│ │ │
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│ ┌─────▼─────┐ │
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│ │ CENTRAL │ │
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│ │ CONTROLLER│ │
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│ └─────┬─────┘ │
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│ │ │
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│ ┌─────────────────┼─────────────────┐ │
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│ │ │ │ │
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│ ┌─────▼──────┐ ┌─────▼─────┐ ┌─────▼──────┐ │
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│ │ LIGHTING │ │ WATER │ │ NUTRIENTS │ │
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│ │ Control │ │ Control │ │ Control │ │
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│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
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│ │ LEDs │ │ Irrigation │ │ Dosing │ │
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│ │ Spectrum │ │ pH adjust │ │ EC monitor │ │
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│ └────────────┘ └────────────┘ └────────────┘ │
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│ │
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└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## Temperature Control
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### Target Ranges by Crop Type
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| Crop Category | Day Temp (°C) | Night Temp (°C) | Differential |
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|---------------|---------------|-----------------|--------------|
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| Leafy Greens | 18-22 | 15-18 | 3-5°C |
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| Herbs | 20-25 | 18-22 | 2-4°C |
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| Fruiting | 22-28 | 18-22 | 4-6°C |
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| Microgreens | 18-21 | 16-19 | 2-3°C |
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### Control Strategies
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```typescript
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interface TemperatureControl {
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mode: 'manual' | 'scheduled' | 'adaptive' | 'ai_optimized';
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// Setpoints
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daySetpoint: number;
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nightSetpoint: number;
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// Deadband (prevent oscillation)
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deadband: number; // ±1°C typical
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// Control outputs
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coolingStage: 0 | 1 | 2 | 3; // Multi-stage cooling
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heatingStage: 0 | 1 | 2 | 3; // Multi-stage heating
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}
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```
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### HVAC Systems
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| System Type | Pros | Cons | Best For |
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|-------------|------|------|----------|
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| Split AC | Low cost | Limited capacity | Small rooms |
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| Mini-split | Zoned control | Moderate cost | Medium facilities |
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| Heat Pump | Efficient, heat recovery | Higher upfront | Production facilities |
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| Chilled Water | Scalable, precise | Complex, expensive | Large operations |
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## Humidity Control
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### Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD)
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VPD is the key metric for plant transpiration:
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```
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VPD = Saturation Pressure - Actual Vapor Pressure
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Optimal VPD by Stage:
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- Seedling: 0.4-0.8 kPa (high humidity)
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- Vegetative: 0.8-1.2 kPa (moderate)
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- Flowering: 1.0-1.5 kPa (lower humidity)
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```
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### VPD Calculation
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```typescript
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function calculateVPD(tempC: number, humidityPercent: number): number {
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// Saturation vapor pressure (Tetens equation)
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const svp = 0.6108 * Math.exp((17.27 * tempC) / (tempC + 237.3));
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// Actual vapor pressure
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const avp = svp * (humidityPercent / 100);
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// VPD in kPa
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return svp - avp;
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}
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```
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### Humidification Methods
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| Method | Droplet Size | Coverage | Energy | Best For |
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|--------|-------------|----------|--------|----------|
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| Misting | 20-50 µm | Wide | Low | Propagation |
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| Ultrasonic | 1-5 µm | Targeted | Low | Small zones |
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| Fog | 5-20 µm | Wide | Medium | Large areas |
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| Evaporative | N/A | Wide | Low | Arid climates |
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### Dehumidification
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```
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Sources of Humidity:
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├── Plant transpiration: 95%+ of water uptake
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├── Irrigation: Evaporation from growing media
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├── Human activity: Breathing, sweating
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└── Fresh air: Outdoor humidity
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Removal Methods:
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├── HVAC: Condenses on evaporator coil
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├── Dedicated dehumidifier: Efficient for high loads
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├── Desiccant: Continuous, no condensate
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└── Ventilation: If outdoor humidity lower
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```
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## CO2 Enrichment
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### Why Enrich?
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```
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Ambient CO2: ~420 ppm
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Optimal Growth: 800-1200 ppm
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Maximum Benefit: 1500 ppm
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Photosynthesis increases ~30-50% with enrichment
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```
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### CO2 Sources
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| Source | Cost | Control | Safety | Best For |
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|--------|------|---------|--------|----------|
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| Tank (compressed) | Medium | Excellent | Safe | Small/medium |
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| Generator (propane) | Low | Good | Heat/humidity | Sealed rooms |
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| Fermentation | Very low | Poor | Safe | Hobby |
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| Air capture | High | Excellent | Safe | Large scale |
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### Control Strategy
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```typescript
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interface CO2Control {
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targetPpm: number;
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hysteresis: number; // ±50 ppm typical
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// Only enrich when lights on
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enrichDuringLightsOnly: boolean;
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// Integration with ventilation
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pauseDuringVentilation: boolean;
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// Safety limits
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maxPpm: 2000; // Worker safety
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alarmPpm: 1800;
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}
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```
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## Lighting Systems
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### Light Spectrum
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```
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Wavelength Ranges:
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├── UV-A (315-400nm): Compact growth, secondary metabolites
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├── Blue (400-500nm): Vegetative growth, compact structure
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├── Green (500-565nm): Canopy penetration
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├── Red (620-700nm): Photosynthesis, flowering
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└── Far-Red (700-800nm): Shade avoidance, flowering
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Optimal Ratios (general):
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- Vegetative: Blue 30%, Red 60%, Other 10%
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- Flowering: Blue 20%, Red 70%, Other 10%
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```
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### LED Fixture Types
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| Type | Spectrum | Efficiency | Cost | Best For |
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|------|----------|------------|------|----------|
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| Full Spectrum | White + Red/Blue | Good | Low | General |
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| Red/Blue | Optimized peaks | High | Medium | Leafy greens |
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| Tunable | Adjustable | Good | High | Research, multi-crop |
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| Sunlight Replica | Full PAR + UV | Excellent | Very High | Premium produce |
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### Light Metrics
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```
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PPFD (µmol/m²/s): Instantaneous light intensity
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DLI (mol/m²/day): Daily light integral = PPFD × hours × 3600 / 1,000,000
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Targets by Crop:
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├── Microgreens: DLI 8-12
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├── Lettuce: DLI 12-17
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├── Basil: DLI 15-20
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├── Tomatoes: DLI 22-30
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└── Cannabis: DLI 40-65
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```
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## Nutrient Delivery
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### Solution Management
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```typescript
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interface NutrientSolution {
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// Primary monitoring
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ec: number; // Electrical Conductivity (mS/cm)
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ph: number; // Target 5.5-6.5
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// Temperature
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tempC: number; // Target 18-22°C
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// Dissolved oxygen
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doPpm: number; // Target >6 ppm
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// Macro nutrients (ppm)
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nitrogen: number; // 150-250
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phosphorus: number; // 30-60
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potassium: number; // 150-300
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calcium: number; // 150-250
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magnesium: number; // 40-80
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sulfur: number; // 50-100
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}
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```
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### Dosing Systems
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```
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┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
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│ DOSING SYSTEM │
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├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
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│ │
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│ Stock Solutions │
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│ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ │
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│ │ A │ │ B │ │CalMag│ │pH Up│ │pH Dn│ │Sili │ │
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│ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ │
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│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
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│ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ │
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│ ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
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│ │ DOSING PUMPS │ │
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│ │ Peristaltic pumps: Precise, low maintenance │ │
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│ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
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│ │ │
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│ ▼ │
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│ ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
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│ │ MIXING TANK │ │
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│ │ - EC sensor │ │
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│ │ - pH sensor │ │
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│ │ - Temperature sensor │ │
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│ │ - Level sensor │ │
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│ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
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│ │ │
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│ ▼ │
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│ ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
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│ │ GROWING ZONES │ │
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│ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
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│ │
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└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
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```
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## Air Circulation
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### Airflow Requirements
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```
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Purposes:
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├── Temperature uniformity
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├── Humidity distribution
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├── CO2 distribution
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├── Plant strengthening (thigmomorphogenesis)
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└── Disease prevention
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Velocity Targets:
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├── At canopy: 0.3-0.5 m/s
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├── Avoid dead spots
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├── Avoid excessive wind stress
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```
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### Fan Types
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| Fan Type | Use | Placement |
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|----------|-----|-----------|
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| Circulation | Air mixing | Throughout canopy |
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| Oscillating | Variable airflow | Above canopy |
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| Exhaust | Heat/humidity removal | High in room |
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| Intake | Fresh air, CO2 dilution | Low in room |
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## Sensor Networks
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### Sensor Placement
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```
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Zone Layout with Sensors:
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┌─────────────────────────────────┐
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│ [T/H] [T/H] │ [T/H] = Temp/Humidity
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│ ●───────────────● │
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│ │ [CO2] │ │ [CO2] = CO2 sensor
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│ │ ● │ │
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│ ┌───┴───────────────┴───┐ │ [PAR] = Light sensor
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│ │ [PAR] [PAR] │ │
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│ │ ● ● │ Zone │ [EC] = EC sensor
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│ │ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ │ │
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│ │ ▓▓ Plants ▓▓▓▓ │ │ [pH] = pH sensor
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│ │ ▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓▓ │ │
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│ │ [EC] [pH] │ │
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│ │ ● ● (reservoir)│ │
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│ └───────────────────────┘ │
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│ │
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└─────────────────────────────────┘
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Recommended Density:
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- T/H: 1 per 20-50 m²
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- CO2: 1 per zone (at plant height)
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- PAR: 2-4 per zone (canopy level)
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- EC/pH: At each reservoir
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```
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### Calibration Schedule
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| Sensor | Frequency | Method |
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|--------|-----------|--------|
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| Temperature | Monthly | Reference thermometer |
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| Humidity | Monthly | Saturated salt test |
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| CO2 | Quarterly | Cal gas (fresh air ref) |
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| PAR | Annually | Reference meter |
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| EC | Weekly | Cal solution |
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| pH | Weekly | pH 4.0, 7.0 buffers |
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## Alert System
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### Alert Thresholds
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```typescript
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interface AlertThresholds {
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temperature: {
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warning: { low: targetMin - 2, high: targetMax + 2 };
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critical: { low: targetMin - 5, high: targetMax + 5 };
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};
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humidity: {
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warning: { low: 50, high: 80 };
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critical: { low: 40, high: 90 };
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};
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co2: {
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warning: { low: 600, high: 1600 };
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critical: { high: 2000 }; // Safety
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};
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ec: {
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warning: { low: targetEc - 0.3, high: targetEc + 0.3 };
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critical: { low: targetEc - 0.5, high: targetEc + 0.5 };
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};
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ph: {
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warning: { low: 5.0, high: 7.0 };
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critical: { low: 4.5, high: 7.5 };
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};
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}
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```
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### Alert Escalation
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```
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Level 1: In-app notification
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↓ (no response 5 min)
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Level 2: SMS/Push notification
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↓ (no response 15 min)
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Level 3: Phone call
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↓ (no response 30 min)
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Level 4: Emergency contact
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```
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## Best Practices
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### Daily Operations
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1. **Check sensors** - Verify readings match reality
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2. **Inspect plants** - Catch issues before sensors
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3. **Review logs** - Look for trends
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4. **Maintain equipment** - Filters, pumps, fans
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### Preventive Maintenance
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| Equipment | Weekly | Monthly | Quarterly |
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|-----------|--------|---------|-----------|
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| Sensors | Visual check | Calibrate | Replace if needed |
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| Filters | Replace/clean | Deep clean | - |
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| Pumps | Check flow | Lubricate | Service |
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| HVAC | Check operation | Filter | Coil cleaning |
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| LEDs | Wipe | Check spectrum | Power audit |
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